Geodesy and the Earths Size and Shape

Geodesy and the Earths Size and Shape Earth, with a normal separation of 92,955,820 miles (149,597,890 km) from the sun, is the third planet and one of the most exceptional planets in the close planetary system. It conformed to 4.5 to 4.6 billion years prior and is the main planet known to continue life. This is a direct result of components like its environmental piece and physical properties, for example, the nearness of water over 70.8% of the planet permit life to flourish. Earth is additionally remarkable anyway in light of the fact that it is the biggest of the earthbound planets (one that have a slim layer of rocks on a superficial level rather than those that are for the most part comprised of gases like Jupiter or Saturn) in view of its mass, thickness, and distance across. Earth is likewise the fifth biggest planet in the whole nearby planetary group. Earths Size As the biggest of the earthbound planets, Earth has an expected mass of 5.9736 Ãâ€"1024 kg. Its volume is likewise the biggest of these planets at 108.321 Ãâ€"1010km3. What's more, Earth is the densest of the earthbound planets as it is comprised of an outside, mantle, and center. The Earths covering is the most slender of these layers while the mantle involves 84% of Earths volume and expands 1,800 miles (2,900 km) beneath the surface. What makes Earth the densest of these planets, nonetheless, is its center. It is the main earthbound planet with a fluid external center that encompasses a strong, thick inward center. Earths normal thickness is 5515 Ãâ€"10 kg/m3. Mars, the littlest of the earthbound planets by thickness, is just around 70% as thick as Earth. Earth is delegated the biggest of the earthbound planets dependent on its circuit and distance across also. At the equator, Earths boundary is 24,901.55 miles (40,075.16 km). It is somewhat littler between the North and South shafts at 24,859.82 miles (40,008 km). Earths distance across at the posts is 7,899.80 miles (12,713.5 km) while it is 7,926.28 miles (12,756.1 km) at the equator. For examination, the biggest planet in Earths close planetary system, Jupiter, has a width of 88,846 miles (142,984 km). Earths Shape Earths perimeter and breadth contrast since its shape is delegated an oblate spheroid or ellipsoid, rather than a genuine circle. This implies as opposed to being of equivalent boundary in all zones, the shafts are crunched, bringing about a lump at the equator, and therefore a bigger periphery and distance across there. The tropical lump at Earths equator is estimated at 26.5 miles (42.72 km) and is brought about by the planets pivot and gravity. Gravity itself makes planets and other divine bodies agreement and structure a circle. This is on the grounds that it pulls all the mass of an article as near the focal point of gravity (the Earths center for this situation) as could be expected under the circumstances. Since Earth pivots, this circle is twisted by the radial power. This is the power that makes objects move outward away from the focal point of gravity. Thusly, as the Earth pivots, divergent power is most prominent at the equator so it causes a slight outward lump there, giving that district a bigger outline and measurement. Nearby geology likewise assumes a job in the Earths shape, however on a worldwide scale, its job is extremely little. The biggest contrasts in neighborhood geography over the globe are Mount Everest, the most elevated point above ocean level at 29,035 ft (8,850 m), and the Mariana Trench, the absolute bottom underneath ocean level at 35,840 ft (10,924 m). This distinction is just a matter of around 12 miles (19 km), which is very minor generally speaking. In the event that the central lump is thought of, the universes most elevated point and the spot that is farthest from the Earths place is the pinnacle of the well of lava Chimborazo in Ecuador as it is the most noteworthy pinnacle that is closest the equator. Its rise is 20,561 ft (6,267 m). Geodesy To guarantee that the Earths size and shape are concentrated precisely, geodesy, a part of science answerable for estimating the Earths size and shape with overviews and scientific figurings is utilized. From the beginning of time, geodesy was a huge part of science as early researchers and savants endeavored to decide the Earths shape. Aristotle is the primary individual attributed with attempting to compute Earths size and was, along these lines, an early geodesist. The Greek scholar Eratosthenes followed and had the option to gauge the Earths periphery at 25,000 miles, just marginally higher than todays acknowledged estimation. So as to examine the Earth and use geodesy today, scientists regularly allude to the ellipsoid, geoid, and datums. An ellipsoid in this field is a hypothetical scientific model that shows a smooth, shortsighted portrayal of the Earths surface. It is utilized to gauge removes on a superficial level without representing things like rise changes and landforms. To represent the truth of the Earths surface, geodesists utilize the geoid which is a shape that is built utilizing the worldwide mean ocean level and thus considers rise changes. The premise of all geodetic work today however is the datum. These are sets of information that go about as reference focuses for worldwide reviewing work. In geodesy, there are two principle datums utilized for transportation and route in the U.S. what's more, they make up a part of the National Spatial Reference System. Today, innovation like satellites and worldwide situating frameworks (GPS) permit geodesists and different researchers to make very precise estimations of the Earths surface. Truth be told, it is so exact, geodesy can consider overall route yet it additionally permits scientists to gauge little changes in the Earths surface down to the centimeter level to get the most precise estimations of the Earths size and shape.

The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation And Company X Management Essay

The Expectancy Theory Of Motivation And Company X Management Essay Organization X delivers a line of sound items for the business expert and values the endeavors to give the most excellent accessible. Moreover, the organization touted high creation norms while accomplishing their objectives. Usage of a recently planned creation procedure to empower workers to accomplish their creation objectives happened and their endeavors have not been effective. Perceptions have incorporated an absence of exertion to ace the procedure, insufficiency in arriving at those objectives by the individuals who have aced it, and an absence of concern with respect to objective accomplishment from people who are routinely top makers. Through meetings and casual discussions that were led, representative concerns were communicated and the outcome has been a breakdown in the connections and segments in the hope hypothesis of inspiration. The disposition of Company Xs creation staff and the absence of inspiration to finish objectives is an immediate consequence of a breakdown in the connections inside the anticipation hypothesis of inspiration. Building the Expectancy Theory of Motivation Definition Victor Vrooms anticipation hypothesis of inspiration relates that workers inside an association will be persuaded when they hold certain convictions to be valid. The quality of an inclination to act with a particular goal in mind relies upon the quality of a desire that the demonstration will be trailed by a given result and the allure of the result to the individual (Robbins Judge, 2007). The hypothesis is included three connections, or factors, that act a lot of like a chain. At the point when every one of the three are effectively fulfilled, at that point inspiration is completely accomplished. At the point when one of the connections is broken or out of sync, at that point it isn't. The outcome is a joined absence of proficiency, least exertion, and no objective achievement. Segment 1: Expectancy Anticipation is based upon the conviction that exertion applied will bring forth acknowledgment of great execution. A few variables can meddle with this bit of the inspiration condition. These factors incorporate the conviction that a specialist has the right stuff and capacity to play out their assignments effectively, how troublesome the objectives are to accomplish and where they fall comparable to the laborers desires, and whether there is any authority over their presentation. For instance, if a divisions individuals share the conviction that regardless of how hard they work, the probability of getting a decent presentation evaluation is low, at that point inspiration will be low because of a low degree of anticipation (Robbins Judge, 2007). Segment 2: Instrumentality Instrumentality is characterized as the conviction that on the off chance that an individual meets or surpasses desires, at that point they get a more noteworthy compensation than the individuals who don't. Instrumentality will be low if the prizes follow all degrees of execution with no qualification between what is worthy and unsuitable. It is affected incredibly by the trust representatives have in their pioneers and the probability that the guarantees of remuneration for good execution is authentic. Another factor that decides the degree of instrumentality present is exhibited when the laborers don't confide in the pioneers, yet can control the prizes framework through another methods. This control raises instrumentality. Arrangements additionally influence instrumentality; the proper documentation of pay and different rewards and advantages adds to raising degrees of instrumentality. Segment 3: Valence The third part inside the anticipation hypothesis of inspiration is valence. Valence is the degree of significant worth that an individual places on the prizes as an element of their needs, objectives, and qualities. The representatives inclinations will decide the degree of valence present for inspiration. On the off chance that the specialist wants a specific prize yet gets another, the degree of valence will be lower. More elevated levels of valence are available when the comprehension of the individual workers objectives are comprehended by their pioneer and are then considered alongside the connection between their endeavors and execution. Great exertion likens to great execution when a solid relationship is available (Robbins Judge, 2007). Remedying the Motivation Problem Organization X is encountering brokenness inside the anticipation hypothesis of inspiration and along these lines, inspiration is low. The laborers are not spurred to exhaust the additional push to satisfy the high guidelines and creation objectives accordingly. Anticipation is low, similar to the degrees of instrumentality and valence. Rectifying these issues is accomplished by tending to worries to raise the degrees of these three factors. Raising Expectancy Levels Hope levels at Company X are languishing. The workers don't invest any additional energy into acing the new creation process and the individuals who have done so are not investing the energy to accomplish objectives as the organization has coordinated. A portion of the workers expressed that they cannot be fruitful in light of the fact that they don't accept they have the right stuff to do as such. Proposals to address these issues would incorporate giving additional preparation time to empower the workers to pick up the hand adroitness they accept they are deficient. This would help their trust in the new procedure and give them the apparatuses to accomplish the new objectives while encouraging the conviction that the objectives are sensible to meet. Boosting their aptitudes and capacity to finish the errands effectively prompts better and furthermore returns control of their apparent presentation levels back to the representatives. Raising Instrumentality Levels Instrumentality levels are floundering at Company X also. In Supervisor Bs casual discussions with Supervisor As representatives, it is noticed that there is no distinction in compensation increments for laborers who meet departmental objectives and the individuals who don't. Laborers feel as though they are surrendered to the prizes framework at present set up and they dont see a distinction in pay increments or rewards dependent on merit. Acknowledgment is in this way non-existent, and the compensation for all representatives paying little mind to execution sends an inappropriate message. Laborers don't need to meet objectives to get prizes and they are not propelled to work to accomplish the better expectations. Truth be told, compensation is possibly influenced if execution is moderate. Since the representatives don't feel the acknowledgment for a vocation very much done exists together with progressively severe rules for when a poor activity is done, they don't invest the additi onal energy. This relationship in the hope hypothesis is broken. An improved arrangement of dealing with execution examinations should be actualized. In a perfect world, it would better perceive those people who are investing in additional amounts of energy to guarantee that objectives are being met while giving criticism to low-entertainers on regions for development. Worker motivating forces like raises and rewards would be dependent upon meeting or surpassing certain measures. In rebuilding, use execution examinations, or individual execution couple with departmental and creation objectives to all the more likely test and prize the laborers. A low presentation evaluation and poor or unremarkable execution would not be remunerated at indistinguishable levels from those with high-scored execution examinations or more normal creation. By making a layered reward framework, the rewards would be bigger and make a craving to achieve that degree of remuneration. When this happens and is officially reported inside the organization arrangements, instrume ntality levels rise and are revised on the grounds that certainty and trust in their pioneers would be reestablished. Raising Valence Further conversations with Supervisor As workers revealed a break in the third bit of the hope hypothesis of inspiration, valence. The prizes offered by the organization don't meet the individual objectives of the laborers. The reward offered to representatives is too little after assessments and the laborers recognition is that it does not merit their exertion; after duties come out of their reward, extra time pay outperforms the sum a reward would give. This data clarifies one more key breakdown in the hope hypothesis of inspiration. The framework needs rebuilding with the goal that the extra meets the individual objectives of the creation laborers. The Whats in it for me? question needs a reasonable answer that does this. In the event that a representative is keen on an advancement, reward, raise, or something else, its significant that their criticism is thought about in offering a prize that has individual incentive for the laborers. Boosting the valence level is fulfilled and once the factors of significant worth, needs, objectives, and inclinations are met, inspiration will increment. End The issue is three-layered however in working inside the three connections and by separating each piece, the pioneers at Company X can help inspiration by raising the three degrees of hope, instrumentality, and valence. By following an agenda of issues to address, emerging from the hypothesis itself, and by offering compensations in a suitable style, the pioneer is empowered to embrace [an] impact procedure that improves levels of individual inspiration (Zerbe et al, 2001). Since a representatives anticipation her or his judgment about the allure and likelihood of a planned prize unequivocally impacts that people ability to take on another undertaking, the outcome will be more exertion exhausted by the laborers to meet objectives they see as achievable (Newstrom, 2007).

15+ Things The Apple iPad Lacks

15+ Things The Apple iPad Lacks Make Money Online Queries? Struggling To Get Traffic To Your Blog? Sign Up On (HBB) Forum Now!15+ Things The Apple iPad LacksUpdated On 17/04/2017Author : Pradeep KumarTopic : AppleShort URL : http://hbb.me/2ozcLpW CONNECT WITH HBB ON SOCIAL MEDIA Follow @HellBoundBlogApple iPad is the latest buzzword and trending keyword. It is believed to change the face of computing and to bring a new form of digital experience.Some of my friends said it was a giant iPhone in fact! ?? Meanwhile, if you a fan of HP, then do check the HP Slate (iPad Killer!) Specifications.Below I mentioned some of the features that Apple iPad indeed lacks.1. No Multi-tasking : From the demonstrations and reviews of iPad, I came to know we can’t run applications in the background. This also lacks in iPhone I guess.2. No Drag and Drop File Management : Another issue we are facing with iPad is syncing your iPad with another computer. You will only be able to associate your iPad with a single other device as the sa me way you do for your iPod or iPhone now.3. No Camera : This will be a huge disappointment to all the Apple fans and Photographers, LOL! Using an iPad you cant record a video, you cant take pictures, and of course, no webcam. So no video iChat and no Skype video conferencing.4. No SD Slot : You can’t stick a 16GB SD card in as a semi-permanent storage. If you want to pull files off an SD card you need to purchase iPad Camera Connection Kit.5. No HDMI Out : There is no single-cable way to connect an iPad to your TV set. Like Steve Jobs said, you can hook the iPad up to a projector, but you cant hook it up to your HD monitor. There will be video out through dock connector.6. No 1080p Playback : Now another bad news, you cant expect full HD playback from the iPad. It has much less output. Video output is supported but only at 480p.7. No USB Port : You cannot attach your USB peripherals directly. You can do only when plugged in via its proprietary dock connector.8. No Full GPS : Wi -Fi only versions have no full GPS support. The 3G versions have Assisted GPS, and they use cellular connection for finding locations. If you are in a dead zone or other area of poor connectivity or even if you didnt pay for your mobile service, your GPS will be dead!9. E-mail Attachments : Just like iPhones e-mail app, you cant view any mail attachments outside. Same goes for the much awaited iPad. So they are trapped in your mailbox.10. No Native Widescreen : A iPads screen is a relatively square. This wont be ideal for watching widescreen movies. The aspect ratio isnt that wide screen.READApple iPad Provides 30k Free E-books11. Universal E-mail Inbox : To view e-mails from another account, you need to go out of the inbox you are currently viewing and then go to the other accounts inbox.12. Blown-up iPhone Apps :Yes the iPad can run all existing iPhone apps. But you can run them at their iPhone-size in the center of your iPad screen, or you have to blown up to fill the screen. The y are not anti-aliased. The text and images will look chunky.13. No OLED : Earlier it was rumored that Apple is going to release two versions of iPads, one with OLED screen and one without. Some experts said, it would be perfect for an iPad to have OLED screen!14. No Flash : It is believed that iPad has poor support for Adobe Flash. Already it was bad on the iPhone and it is one of leading causes for the crashes on Mac OS X. Though video sharing sites like YouTube and Vimeo switched to H.264 for video streaming, we still have lots of sites which support Flash. Poor Gamers!15. No Keyboard : LOL, it has a keyboard, but not a physical one. Of course, I agree this is an iPad not a netbook, but the hassles are only known to the people who have used it. Without a keyboard its difficult to manage typing. But according to the iPad site bluetooth built into the iPad does support an Apple wireless keyboard.16. Same as iPhone : To me iPad looks like a stretched version of iPhone. The OS and i nterface are the same I believe. So Ill buy an iPhone rather than an iPad.17. No Widgets : iPad has a huge screen and it would have been nice if they provide widgets like calculator, sticky notes or anything like that.18. Average Battery Life : Apple claims iPad has 10 hours battery life and that is a good one, but only for ebook readers. By playing games or browsing the web for one or two hours, your battery life will be dead. Even if you turn on Wi Fi or 3G you need charge it twice or thrice a day.19. Charging iPad : You cant charge iPad over a USB port. It wont charge even if iPads syncing with iTunes. The only way to charge the iPad is by using the included AC wall adapter.Though there are many good things to say about iPad, still we are more concentrating on the disadvantages. Whats your take on this?

Elizabeth I Than Any Other Of The Tudor Monarchs - 1695 Words

Historians have dedicated more biographies to Elizabeth I than any other of the Tudor monarchs. Elizabeth was the only daughter of Henry VIII and his second wife, Anne Boleyn. Books relating to aspects of Queen Elizabeth I s life currently run into the hundreds. The time that a certain biography was written is an important factor to bear in mind when reading about this historical figure. Despite that historical facts are unchanging, the historian s perspectives and interpretations, as well as their styles of reconstructing history often, change with time. This paper analyzes the interpretation of the events that surrounded the confinement of Elizabeth I in the Tower of London by her predecessor Mary I over religious differences. Alison Weir’s accounts of the life of Queen Elizabeth I seek to depict the monarch s personal life within the framework of her rule. The facts are majorly drawn from Queen Elizabeth s literary remains and also those of her contemporaries. Weir s manuscript was originally called The Private Life of Elizabeth I, a title that later changed after it became apparent that Queen Elizabeth’s life was not a private affair. Weir also acknowledges that it is not possible to come up with a convincing account of Queen Elizabeth’s life without drawing in the social and political events that made her life fabric. As such, this biography emphasizes the reactions of Queen Elizabeth I to the events surrounding her so as to depict how she managed to influenceShow MoreRelatedIn the Content of the Period 1485-1587, to What Extent Did the Northern Rebellion of 1569 Represent a Significant Threat to the Security of the Tudor State3198 Words   |  13 Pagessignificant threat to the security of the Tudor State? Rebellions caused a serious threat to monarchs; and as a result of the War of The Roses and Henry VII’s usurpation in 1485, the Tudor Dynasty had effectively been founded on Rebellion so it may be possible to assume that the Tudor Dynasty could be removed by rebellion. The Tudor period can be seen as a time of unrest as each Tudor monarch had at least one rebellion during their reign. The majority of the Tudor rebellions were a significant threatRead MoreHow Effectively Did Tudor Governments Deal with Rebellion in England and Ireland?2564 Words   |  11 PagesHow effectively did Tudor governments deal with rebellion in England and Ireland? Tudor governments were relatively successful in dealing with the problem of rebellion, although this was more effective towards the end of the period than at the beginning shown through the decline in rebellion after 1549: only 5 English rebellions occurred as opposed to 10 before 1549. Over the course of the Tudor period the main aims of rebellions were only fully achieved in the rebellions of 1525, the Amicable GrantRead MoreIn the context of the years 1485 to 1603 to what extent was the government of England dysfunctional in the mid-Tudor period?3559 Words   |  15 Pagesgovernment of England dysfunctional in the mid-Tudor period? During the Tudor Dynasty it is easily thought that the years between 1547 and 1558 were ones of crisis. With the succession of a child and the first woman within England, people have assumed that the years between Henry VIII and Elizabeth I were an unproductive interlude. The mid Tudor period is seen as negative years within the Tudor Dynasty. It is regarded that Henry VIII and Elizabeth I’s reputations were a factor in why historiansRead MoreMary Tudor : Old And New Perspectives Essay1661 Words   |  7 PagesMary Tudor: Old and New Perspectives, is a new look at a woman that has been studied for decades. 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Undoubtedly, these cases hold great significance to cultural studies of the temporal periods in which the English identify as participantsRead MoreEssay on Historians Interest in Elizabeth and Her Successors1610 Words   |  7 PagesInterest in Elizabeth and Her Successors Elizabeth Tudor is considered by many to be the greatest monarch in English history. When she became queen in 1558, she was twenty-five years old, a survivor of scandal and danger, and considered illegitimate by most Europeans. She inherited a bankrupt nation, torn by religious discord, a weakened pawn between the great powers of France and Spain. She was only the third queen to rule England in her own right; the other two examplesRead MoreQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England1626 Words   |  7 PagesQueen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England Sixteenth century England experienced a phenomenon sometimes referred to as the Age of Queens. The decisive power of the country was placed in women’s hands and their reigns were watched with a reasonable doubt. There is contrast of rule in terms of reigns between Queen Mary and Queen Elizabeth of England, both of whom were engaged in a protracted struggle for the English throne. Beside the legitimacy of their claims, there are more significant considerationsRead MoreElizabeth The First Was The Queen Of England And Ireland1692 Words   |  7 PagesElizabeth the First was the Queen of England and Ireland from 1553 to 1603. She was the final and fifth monarch of the Tudor dynasty. Elizabeth had many talents, which enabled her to be a capable, strong leader. For many reasons Elizabeth was one of the most notable personalities of Tudor, one being that she kept stability in a nation that was troubled with political and religious rebellion. Against the pressures of parliament she m aintained authority of the crown. She was able to transform England’sRead MoreThroughout history, there have been many influential leaders who have affected the world in many1300 Words   |  6 Pagesdictators, while others are thought of as people who benefitted society immensely. One of those very important leaders shaped her country into what it is today. Queen Elizabeth I, the final ruler of Tudor, was honored by thousands during her reign as queen. Although Elizabeth of England faced a lot of prejudice throughout her lifetime, she still gained a good reputation among her people by handling the country well and did her best to fix its problems, for there was nothing she loved more than â€Å"her England†Read MoreElizabeth : The Forgotten Years Essay1577 Words   |  7 PagesOften considered by historians as one of England’s greatest monarchs, Elizabeth Tudor’s life and prosperous reign have inspired numerous historical works including books, biograp hies, and visual media representations. Elizabeth: The Forgotten Years, written by John Guy, is an exquisitely detailed biography of the Tudor queen, which encapsulates her not only as an authoritative figure but also as an independent woman. Guy focuses on the trialling years of Elizabeth’s rise to prominence, as she faces

The Effects Of Animal Testing On Human Society - 1591 Words

The use of animal testing has been going on for a long time. Although there have been many cases where people try to stop it or try to convince people that it is wrong in today’s society it is still happening all over the world. This research paper will talk about how in today’s society is racing to discover cures for diseases. How humans have made advancements in the world we have also established the scientific evolution. By doing so our ethics and morals have failed to progress. The knowledge that we gain throughout the years is remarkable but it is our responsibility to use it wisely and ethically. We heartlessly torture and kill animals that we consider lesser beings. For something as simple as eye makeup hundreds of animals are tortured and blinded by test that are being done to them in laboratories where they are hardly being fed, often forced to live in filth, sometimes they even remove their vocal cords to keep them quiet. We pour cosmetic products into their e ye and body parts to determine if it will have a harmful effect on humans. Animal’s posses the same emotions and feelings as humans and without any care they are subjected to pain. Mankind fails to give animals respect they deserve, they are treated with lifeless. Something that needs to be changed. Animal testing has been going on for centuries and it will probably continue that way if we don’t share the truth. Humans do not think that animals are on the same level as them so they treat them horriblyShow MoreRelatedAnimal Testing Should Not Be Banned1581 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing is being used by different organizations all over the world to prevent specific diseases, especially cancer. Americans see animal testing having a harmful effect but it is one of the main reasons why society has most cures for some illnesses. This topic is important because people need to know what goes on during animal testing and why it is very beneficial. Animal testing needs to be used to find all cures. Some animals such as chimps/ monkeys have 90% of the same DNA humans haveRead MoreAnimal Testing Essay1194 Words   |  5 PagesUsing helpless animals for the benefit of human beings goes back thousands of years. A common theme has been present: the use of these animals has been necessary for survival. Of late, these essential sacrifices have metamorphosed into yield-less speculations. 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Another physician who has performed animal experimentations, GalenRead MoreAnimal Testing Speech Outline965 Words   |  4 PagesAnimal Testing Introduction Attention-getter: Visualize yourself somewhere locked and isolated, whether it is a closet, a cage, or a box. Now visualize yourself being constantly controlled, not being able to choose when to eat, when to drink, or even when to sleep. Thesis: Animal testing is a heavy topic that usually goes unnoticed. To many scientists, animal testing is beneficial and to society it is morally wrong. Credibility: After doing our extensive research, we are knowledgeable about animalRead MoreHuman Testing On Human Beings1727 Words   |  7 Pageschemicals effect humans and animals? The answer is, we must perform test on something that is similar to the human species. Animals having similar traits and features in the body have often been the experimentation method of choice. By using animals in testing has raised a lot of concern and controversy over the years, but so has testing on human beings. One of the most horrifying examples of human testing was during World War II, the Nazi party in its quest to create the ultimate human species,Read MoreAnimal Testing: The Future of Pharmaceuticals Essay1237 Words   |  5 Pagespoisons, through animal testing, they have been donned to be unsafe for people and environment. Without animal testing, the general public would still be using these hazardous chemicals. Many humanitarians may be opposed to testing chemicals on animals, but if scientists didn’t test on animals, individuals would have to test the deadly chemicals or live in a world where people don’t know if the chemicals they are using are poisonous and lethal to the human society. Animal testing may be wrong inRead MoreAnimal Experimentation Should Be Banned1426 Words   |  6 Pagesjudged by the way its animals are treated.† - Mahatma Gandhi. These famous words still ring true in today’s society as we struggle to overcome the scientific experimentation on animals. Animals have acted as the archstone of human civilization since the dawn of man, from a source of food, to companionship. However, in the past century, we have been blurring the line between environmental entitlement and environmental rape. Every member of the human race interacts and depends on animals, and we owe themRead MoreThe Morality Of Animal Testing And Its Effect On The Biomedical And Consumer World1698 Words   |  7 PagesThe Morality of Animal Testin g and its Effect on the Biomedical and Consumer World Animal testing has been a controversial problem in today’s society and it affects people from all over the world1 not just animal activists or scientists. Most of the products and medicines used today have been tested on animals. These animals used in experiments have been thought to only benefit society but morally this hurts our society. This hurts our society because now animal testing has become a social normalityRead MoreAnimal Testing Is Cruel And Inhumane1229 Words   |  5 Pagesforms of complications among human beings citing the various changes of conditions from day to day. Scientists are charged with the techniques to finding solutions to the complicated health issues facing humans that have no solution. The risks associated with the pursuit of the solution has made the scientists to be cautious of their actions, an action that led to most of them opting for the use of animals to carry out the tests before implementing the solution for human beings. The idea has alwaysRead MoreAnimal Testing Should Be Made A Better Society For People1551 Words   |  7 PagesAnimal testing has many advantages that have made a better society for people. Animal testing can be defined as, â€Å"the use of non-human animals in research and development projects, esp. for purposes of determining the safety of substances such as foods or drugs† (â€Å"Dictionary 1†). Animal testing is literally how it sounds to others. Animals are being tested on in order to try different products made by scientists in order to better the society. One advantage of animal testing is that animal testing

Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and Life of Olaudah...

Expressing Racism in Song of Solomon, Push and The Interesting Narrative of the Life of Olaudah Equiano African-Americans often are discriminated against, suffer from a barrage of racial remarks, and even endure racially based acts of violence. Unfortunately, this crime against humanity goes both ways. Those being oppressed may retaliate as a matter of self-defense, sometimes becoming that which they despise most. In many cases the Black man is forced into developing racist mores against the White man due to past history and to the fact that Whites discriminate against them. The victim of oppression can become the oppressor and, in fact, this reverse racism may easily develop into a feeling of superiority for Black people.†¦show more content†¦In comparing the cultural aspects of his home country of Africa he says, We are almost a nation of dancers, musicians, and poets. All joyful occasions are celebrated with great ceremonies of dancing, feasting, and music. The women wear golden jewelry (14), both men and women perfume themselves, and cleanliness is of the utmost importance (15). Neighbors help one another build homes and there are plenty of all natural resources. Equiano states, we live in a country where nature is prodigal of her favours, our wants are few, and easily supplied (16). Our land is uncommonly rich and fruitful, and produces all kinds of vegetable in great abundance (17). Equianos opinion of America is not as positive. In America he must deal with the frustration of not being able to speak the same language as fellow slaves. He is introduced to many new, frightening and curious contraptions. For example, he witnesses a female slave in an iron muzzle, he sees a picture of a man on a wall that frightens him, and he discovers a clock for the first time. Equiano, who was fanning his master while he slept, kept a watchful eye on the clock and was afraid it would tell the gentleman anything [he] might do amiss. Equiano also must suffer the disrespect of not being able to keep his own name. During his time en route to Virginia, and once there, he bears the name of Michael, Jacob, and finally Gustavus Vassa (39-40). But it is the

Introduction to Marketing Launch of Straw Hat by Oxfam Shop

Question: Discuss about the Introduction to Marketingfor Launch of Straw Hat by Oxfam Shop. Answer: Introduction: Oxfam Shop is a non-profitable organization in Australia, which is continually deploying new concepts in manufacturing different products to satisfy their mission. Their mission is to help those people who face injustice for their hard labour. The Company achieve its goal through the mean of fair trade, which has several key factors. Stable product prices, fair payment to the farmers and producers and ensuring the stability in their income are the key features of the Company to save people from injustice. This report mainly covers the strategy formulation for the launch of a new product Straw Hat in the market (Shop.oxfam.org.au, 2017). Strategy Formulation Marketing Mix In the view of Philip Kotler, Marketing Mix is a bunch of handy variables that a company can adopt to control its marketing segment (Alex 2012). As per Kotler, for a successful branding of the product, striving to the four core variables of marketing is of utmost important. These four variables are Product, Promotion, Price and Place. For the marketing consultant of Oxfam Shop in Australia, there is an urgency to analyse the market properly before the launch of Straw Hat in the market (Brooks and Simkin 2012). Figure 1: Marketing Mix (Source: PAUL 2013) Product Deciding the product before its launch in the market is the first task, which a marketing consultant needs to focus on (Gordon 2012). The product, which is set for its launch in the market, is Straw Hat. Straw Hat constitutes material such as plants or synthetics. Straw Hat protects head from the heat stroke. This is also a part of fashion, which adds an extra dimension to the personality. Price Price is another very important element before a product launch in the market (Singh 2012). There are various influencing variables for the price of a product such as market appeal for the product, cost involved, price range of other competitors, government limitations etc. For Oxfam Shop, which has a mission to support people by doing justice to their hard work, it becomes necessary to put the comparatively lesser pricing for the product. Price range would be from AU$9 to AU$20, which would cover various types of Straw Hat such as Floppy, Collage, Rusty Sea and many more. Pricing range are the best than other competitors are offering for the respective category of Straw Hat. Moreover, the lesser pricing for respective categories have been made keeping in view satisfying poor people. Huge sell will generate huge income, which will help in helping the poor people. Place Place is another very important aspect of a marketing mix as the profitability of the product relies heavily on the availability of the product to the consumer (PAUL 2013). There should be chain to make product available to the target customers. The best place to launch the Straw Hat would be the hottest places in Australia such as Sydney, Canberra and many more. People are cautious about their health in hotter region. They also tend to protect them from scorching heat of Sunlight. Moreover, the types of Straw Hat such as Rusty Sea, Collage, which would be launched, are best suitable for these places. College students and common people living there would have attraction towards the offering. This would increase the probability of a high sale. Promotion Promotion is another very important element of marketing mix, which has gained a huge popularity in modern era (Gordon 2012). However, promotion does not necessarily decide the fate of a product in the market. It rather tries to catch the attention of common people towards the product. The promotion should cover a process, which is feasible with the Hat trends in the market. For the Oxfam Shop in Australia, the best way to promote the Straw Hat is making this a part of the fair trade, which has always remained their integral part. This is indeed cost saving and effective. Promoting the product online has the potential to grab more attention of masses. In fact, media is a dominating body in the modern era. With a mission to help poor people, the Oxfam Shop needs healthy revenues from their new launch. The product has the capability to grab a hold on its target customers. It would be wiser to go online, as this would catch the attention of a comparatively more people. Conclusion: Oxfam shop in Australia has dedicated their expertise to serve those poor people who face in justice for their hard work. To serve the purpose, the Company has always kept it involved in bringing innovative products that bears potential quality to capitalise on the market. This time, the Oxfam Shop is set to bring the Straw Hat in the market. They have set plans to hit their target customers with comparatively cost effective Straw Hat. The cheaper price tagging and its proper promotion has constructed ample of expectations with the offerings. References: Alex, N.J., 2012. An enquiry into selected marketing mix elements and their impact on brand equity.IUP Journal of Brand Management,9(2), p.29. Brooks, N. and Simkin, L., 2012. Judging marketing mix effectiveness.Marketing Intelligence Planning,30(5), pp.494-514. Gordon, R., 2012. Re-thinking and re-tooling the social marketing mix.Australasian Marketing Journal (AMJ),20(2), pp.122-126. PAUL, T., 2013. Mental Accounting of Mutual Fund Investors and Marketing Mix--A Study from 4CMarketing Mix Perspective.Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing Management Review__________________________________________ ISSN,2319, p.2836. Shop.oxfam.org.au. (2017). Charity Gift Shop in Australia - About Us | Oxfam Shop. [online] Available at: https://shop.oxfam.org.au/our-story [Accessed 18 Jan. 2017]. Singh, M., 2012. Marketing Mix of 4PS for Competitive Advantage.IOSR Journal of Business and Management (IOSRJBM),3(6), pp.40-45.

Why Are Americans Afraid of Dragons free essay sample

Why Are Americans Afraid of Dragons? BY xcxc28 Ursula K. Le Guin To start her essay, she states This was to be a talk about fantasy. But I have not been feeling very fanciful lately. This is kind ofa play on words with the word fantasy. Shes not feeling so fanciful because people, mainly Americans as the titles suggests, are hesitant to accept the fantasy genre. She repeats the word fantasy several times in the first two paragraphs. She might be trying to make the reader more comfortable ith fantasy, also uses similar words like fanciful and fantastic to make the repetition more effective. When she says in the title Why Are Americans Afraid of Dragons, she really means fantasy and not dragons. This makes the title much more interesting and intrigues the reader right off the bat. She has a friendly tone, effectively making the reader more comfortable with fantasy once again and less afraid. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Are Americans Afraid of Dragons? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The tone changes when she mentions moralistic censorship. It then becomes more abstract as ow shes serious and wants to truly prove a point about the fantasy and sci-fi genre. After her introduction she sets a short paragraph repeating the title to emphasizes it. She is now saying that she is going to get on with it. This is effective because she repeats the title and now she can start fresh and get straight to the point while still having her backstory introduction from the start. When she was a child, she tried to take our The Hobbit from the library but the librarian said that she doesnt feel scapism is good for children. This is ironic because when she quotes people on why they dont read fiction they said Fairy stories are for kids and l used to read that science fiction stuff when I was a teenager, but of course I dont now but when she was young they kept the fiction for adults only. Her most effective line would be Equally, in the businessmans value system, if an act does not bring in an immediate, tangible profit, it has no Justification at all. Shes saying that there is no point in eading science fiction because there is no profit in the end. Later she says that a businessman may read a best-seller, not because they enjoy the book but because they can fgure out how it became such a success. She then finishes the paragraph with a strong alliteration To the strangely mystical mind of the money-changer. If the book youre reading doesnt have some way of making you more successful there is no reason to read it according to the businessmans value system but Americans should Just read for enjoyment no matter what genre it is.

the shephard essays

the shephard essays Throughout time there has been at least one constant that I am aware of. That constant is art. One particular piece of art stands out and catches the eye. That piece of art is The Shepherdess and Her Flock constructed and perfected by Jean Francois Millet. When one makes a certain judgment on a piece of art, one must be precise and certain about that judgment. When observing Millets piece I will take in to consideration three things to make my judgment: use of color, theme, and meaning. The Shepherdess and Her Flock catches the eye very quickly. The painting consists of a shepherdess tending to her sheep in some remote hills perhaps and most likely in Western Europe. The shepherdess herself is standing just a few paces ahead of her flock while they are all grouped together tightly apparently feeding. She is holding a staff while studying the ground. The look on her face makes her seem like she is disturbed for some unknown reason. The shepherdess is wearing many articles of clothing. Her first layer is blue and reaches down to her ankles. The next layer appears to be some kind of shawl. The shawl is cream colored and only reaches just past her waist. The final piece of clothing is red and only covers her head. The grass beneath the shepherdess, which covers the entire land, has bald spots and contains dandy lions giving it great character. This is the grass on which the flock is feeding on. Watching over the sheep is a shepherd dog stand just to the rig ht of the flock. The dog stands very proudly and has a great pride in his job. The sky in this work is covered entirely with clouds. The only bare spot in the sky is at the very top of the painting where the clouds begin to split. Millets work appears to be set early in the morning. Looking beyond the flock as far as the painting will allow, one can see some hills and trees and perhaps a small village or town. This p ...

Integrating Language and Mathematics Learning Essay

Integrating Language and Mathematics Learning - Essay Example Apart from acquiring oral, written, and reading skills in English, they also need to learn to use these skills in content areas like mathematics and science. Mathematics is defined as â€Å"The study of the measurement, properties, and relationships of quantities and sets, using numbers and symbols† or â€Å"a science (or group of related sciences) dealing with the logic of quantity and shape and arrangement†. (www.thefreedictionary.com) Information about various subjects is communicated using mathematics, and in this respect it is often considered a language with its own vocabulary and grammar. Mathematical symbols from many alphabets and fonts constitute the vocabulary, and mathematical logic which decides the validity or otherwise of a mathematical argument and forms the grammar of mathematics. â€Å"All academic language is more abstract than social language. Because this is particularly so in math and science, these subjects present a special challenge to English learners. These students must be explicitly taught to use academic language.† (Muir) Contrary to common perceptions, mathematics has its foundations in attempts to describe and solve real life issues. Concrete examples include the need to measure farms using geometry, understanding why apples fall with the aid of calculus and understanding the risks in gambling using probability. Mathematics does also involve the study of some areas which deal with abstract matters lacking any known physical manifestations. Though the ability to handle numbers with ease and use of mathematics are crucial to employability and job success, LEP students are often denied the required level of mathematics education since it was believed that English language skills had to be acquired before even basic mathematical or computational skills could be taught. A compartmentalized system of language and mathematics education was the norm for LEP students, but recent research suggests that integrating language and

The Convergence of Physical and Information Security Research Paper

The Convergence of Physical and Information Security - Research Paper Example There before, organizations and enterprises used to protect their assets primarily with the use of physical efforts such as guns and gates. However, this has become an obsolete idea today since people today are now using passwords and effortless systems to protect their assets. ISSA, ISACA, and ASIS are examples of the three main security organizations that endorse security convergence. A few years ago, the three organizations came up with the Enterprise Security Risk Management with the intention of enhancing effortless security. Using the example of Smart Cards, we see a very good example of the convergence between the buildings (physical), the PCS and the networks (information). Before we go deep into the topic, it would be important we understand the point of convergence between the two concepts as this will help us learn why the discussion is so important today. When we talk about the physical security, we mean the traditional form of protection that focused primarily on the use of effort to protect the assets owned by an organization (Conference Board of Canada, 2011). During this time, organizations, mainly used guns, electric fences, security fences and guns to guard their territory. Physical security officers will in that case be made up of law enforcement officers. These officers had specific departments who will in return report to risk management offices and departments. The use of such systems and tools was predominant a few decades ago. Today, things have widely changed and people are no longer using effort to protect their assets. This has been defined as information security. With the use of information security, firms are widely using passwords and software gadgets to protect their assets from unauthorized access and use (Contos, 2007). Staffs under information security have well established technical backgrounds as their intention is to use as a minimum effort as possible in protecting the assets an

Introduction to Sociolinguistics

Introduction to Sociolinguistics Sociolinguistics is the study of aspects of societies, including cultural norms, the way language is used, and the effects of language use on society. Language is an important portion of identity and culture within many speech communities; also associated with members self-esteem; within these communities. Sociolinguists have structured a number of ways to categorize the languages within their status and social function domains such as vernacular. The specific concern of this paper is focusing on the significance and function evaluation of the vernacular (dialect, accent) and through the presentation used and by sociolinguistic-studies, it is intended to decide on the argument if the language change is lead by the implications, role models of media or not. Touching upon the concepts of vernaculars, dialects and diglossia is a good place to begin. The term vernacular has various meanings; but mostly refers to a language not standardized and not officially confirmed; which is used by local people. Generally, vernaculars are spread among communities living in a multilingual atmosphere where they have a different mother-language than the official language of their residence. For example; Afro-American English is a vernacular created among the group of people living in places where the standard American English was officially used; but had African languages as their mother-tonque. Standard languages, like the American English or the Received Pronunciation in Britain are classified as highly prestigious languages associated with educated; as compared to the people talking vernacular languages. Different from a vernacular; a dialect is a variety of a particular language characterized by specific regional features such as pronunciation; spoken by a specific group of people. Furthermore, according to Fergusson (1996), diglossia is a special language-situation where, in addition to the primary dialect of the language (categorized as (L)), there is a highly regulated and often more complex variety, which is used in official writings and formal speeches (categorized as (H)); but not exactly followed seen in daily conversations. Diglossic situation exists if it has two distinct codes which show clear functional separation (Wardhaugh, 1998: 87). It has been observed that, in due course the standardized varieties of languages (like Standard American English) started becoming less dominant and local varieties (like African American English) became more prominen. Sociolinguists studied the origins of these changes trying to answer whether it was the social factors or impacts of the popular media that triggered these language changes. Labov suggested certain principles to justify these changes within languages: He first said that linguistic variation is transmitted to children as stylistic differentiation on the formal/informal dimension, rather than as social stratification. Formal speech variants are associated by children with instruction and punishment, informal speech with intimacy and fun. ( Labov 2001: 516) Consequently; linguistic changes from below develop first in spontaneous speech at the most informal level. They are unconsciously associated with nonconformity to sociolinguistic norms, and advanced most by youth who resist conformity to adult institutional practices ( Labov 2001:516). In connection with these principles stated by Labov (2001), the positive attitude of youth generation on the growing prestige and spreading of the non-standard languages is quite acceptable. Aftwerwards, Labov also stated that these changes were symbols of nonconformity actions against the structured social norms of appro priate behavior, and were generated in the social settings that challenged those norms. Finally, the constructive nonconformity principle of Labov (2001) concluded that these changes were spread to wider communities by those who displayed the symbols of nonconformity in larger pattern of upward mobility. Apparently, the popular media and its figures also had an indirect impact on this by disseminating these changes to language communities, as explained in detail in the relevant section; below. Likewise, Debra Spitulnik (1997) argues that mass media has a role in the construction of community, and the cultural continuity depends on a social circulation of discourse and public accessibility. The popular mass media has the ability to enact local concerns on a global stage and to merge the marginal with the dominant, the parochial with the cosmopolitan, and the local with the global' (Johnson and Ensslin 2007: 14). This is said to be a form of re-scaling often associated with the globalization of the late-modernity. In the light of these studies, the language used in songs of 50 Cent is presented with the main dialect, accent is used alongside the significance and functions of the vernacular speech. In this presented domain of popular media the vernacular is the African American English dialect with standard being the American English. Appendix 1 The use of vernacular during rapping, affects the voice quality of the speaker within the psychological or emotional states. If the topic is exciting or joyful, voice rises and when it is time to be calm, the voice descends into a bass level. One of the distinctive features of vernacular is usage of double added prepositions as in up on it (line 4). Besides, the use of double negative is common in this vernacular compared to Standard American English. Is is used to structure strong positives and emphasize meanings (line 8). Negatives are formed different from standard American English e.g. use of aint as a general negative indicator (line 11). Appendix 2 Mostly a v substitution occurs in the vernacular unlike Standard English. When using profanity in combination with the F word, speakers pronounce M.F. correctly just like in Standard American English in order to emphasize the meaning (line 2). Unlike the standard, there are words in vernacular that indicate the possessive: e.g. in line 4 them is used for they. If in the context of the sentence a reference is made to more than one(plural), it is not necessary to add an s to the noun: e.g. like in line 5. Also it can be seen that want to is converted into wanna in line 3. African American English speakers have a large repertoire of slang words uncommon to Standard American English. The bread in (line 6) refers to money in African American English. There is th dropping within the African American English as in (line 7) with is pronounced as wif. The phonetic feature of African American English is quite different from standard American English e.g.; solve them is converted to solveem which is continuous sound in one word that can be considered as the compressed phonetic feature of the vernacular (line 9). There is also consonant reduction in African American English: consonant sounds in letters such as (T) are often not pronounced unlike Standard American English (line 11). In the media images; low and middle class African Americans have a negative image: associated with marginal lifestyles; engaged in bad things. For example; (appendix 2, line 10) it is clearly implied that 50 Cent participated in gangster activities, as he raps in African American English. But the re-scaling process of media within semantic positioning, such as In the hood they say theres no bness like hoe bness ya know which cross over into ridiculous representations of unsophisticated ideals and ambitions which, most likely, are unattested practices either in low or middle class black communities. Vernacular has always had a impacted hip hop and rap genres by incorporating meanings (power, money, love, slang idioms) that are historically and contextually situated and relevant to experiences of African American communities. Here vernacular serves as a translator engine, a special tool to express these meanings. This is because, for the African American communities the dialect is not only a variety that one may hear or speak within the community but also a variety delivering local community knowledge, wisdom. For example; the slang idiom Im the love doctor (in line 9 appendix 1), the nickname usually associated with the late Barry White, whose soulful voice is considered by many Americans to be the ultimate music for seduction, is also interpreted by African youth through vernacular. The other speech communities can also access to vernacular; via popular media. That is how popular media spreads certain linguistic-traits around the world and influences the language of all communities; as opposed to having this communication confined to vernacular society. However, it should be noted that media is only spreading out whats there but the creator of the change is not the media, it is someone different (in our case, somebody in vernacular). Given that the standard American English is a political sign for the African Americans which also imply the rejection of their culture; 50 Cent sings especially in vernacular to empower himself within the social and cultural contexts of the African American communities. His vernacular speech also functions as a resistance language towards the white community. It can be assumed that he presents himself as the retainer of local New York, Queens as the low variety vernacular he has chosen to use, which incorporates loss of voiceless y and central off-glides as her becomes /hà ¶/ in (appendix 1, line 13) which New York accent is famous for. All in all, this ordinary performance involves no visuals but only audio and follows the authentic values which emphasize the potential meaning of the restricted language. 50 Cent seems to be following the guidelines of Clarke and Hiscock (2009) on how keeping it real in rap involves reflecting local realities as well as respecting the African American origins of the genre. While it can be quite difficult to assess the precise role of the media and its figures in language change, perhaps this issue should be looked in two categories: The direct and the indirect influence of popular media and its figures. As to the direct influence of them over the language change, the answer should be parallel to that of Chambers: at the deeper reaches of language change sound changes and grammatical changes the media have no significant effect at all (Chambers 1998: 124). The re-scaling process on cultural norms and shaping the vernacular features of media domains is greatly exaggerated. Consequently, language change is the result of the growing prestige of a certain variety of language that is triggered by the social factors such as the non-conformity issues of communities with a vernacular alongside with the standard language. That being said, the media can be considered as having an indirect influence on language change. As also seen in the analyzed example, media plays a major role in raising the awareness to the change taking place; to this growing prestige of a variety within other speech communities as well. In short, it can be concluded that, language change is unlikely to be driven directly by media or its role models only; but they have an indirect impact on it.

Comparing Tone in To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time and To His Coy Mistress :: Robert Herrick Andrew Marvell Literature Essays

Comparing Tone in To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time and To His Coy Mistress â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† by Rober Herrick and Andrew Marvell’s â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† have many similarities and differences. The tone of the speakers, the audience each poem is directed to, and the theme make up some of the literary elements that help fit this description. The tone of â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† and â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† are different. In Herrick’s poem, his tone is relaxed. For instance when he writes, â€Å"Gather ye rosebuds while ye may, /Old times is still a-flying,† his word choice has a very relaxed and casual tone. His attitude reflects the relaxed tone in his poem. In Marvell’s poem, his tone is serious. Marvell’s purpose is to persuade his mistress to have sex with him. He tries to lure her in when saying, â€Å"Had we but World enough, and Time.† He starts out very seriously, in attempt to convince his mistress. The relaxed tone of â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† and serious tone of â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† point out the difference in the way the writers feel about their characters. Both poems are directed to two different audiences. In â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† Herrick is speaking to all virgins. He never addresses anybody personally. In â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† Marvell is addressing his mistress personally. He wrote the poem for his mistress to convince her to become intimate with him. The difference makes a change because now Herrick’s poem affects the reader (depending on if she is female) since it refers to all virgins. However, Marvell’s poem does not since he is referring to one particular individual. The them of â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† and â€Å"To His Coy Mistress† is carpe diem. The carpe diem them states, â€Å"life is brief, so let us seize the day.† In â€Å"To the Virgins, to Make Much of Time† Herrick simply states: Then be not coy, but use your time, And, while ye may, go marry; For, having lost but once your prime, You may forever tarry. Herrick is telling all of the your virgins to go out and have sex in their prime because if they do not, they will regret not having sex when they had the chance to.

Reverse Innovation

Reverse Innovation Reverse Innovation, the term coined by two Dartmouth University Professors Vijay Govindarajan and Chris Trimble refers to any innovation that is first introduced in the Developing countries with an intention to later launch it in the western or developed markets. Reverse Innovation is also popularly known as Trickle-up Innovation. It is so called because generally, all innovations have first been made in developed countries and then bought to developing economies.So far companies have been starting their globalization efforts by removing expensive features from their established product, and attempt to sell these de-featured products in the developing world. This approach, unfortunately, is not very competitive, and targets only the most affluent segments of society in these developing countries. Reverse innovation, on the other hand, leads to products which are created locally in developing countries, tested in local markets, and, if successful, then upgraded for sale and delivery in the developed world.The Evolution of Reverse Innovation: A Historical Perspective The globalization journey of American multinationals has followed an evolutionary process which can be seen in distinct phases. Phase 1 — Globalization —Multinationals built unprecedented economies of scale by selling products and services to markets all around the world. Innovation happened at home, and then the new offerings were distributed everywhere. Phase 2 — Glocalization — In this phase, multinationals recognized that while Phases 1 had minimized costs, they weren’t as competitive in local markets as they needed to be.Therefore, they focused on winning market share by adapting global offerings to meet local needs. Innovation still originated with home-country needs, but products and services were later modified to win in each market. To meet the budgets of customers in poor countries, they sometimes de-featured existing products. Phase 3 à ¢â‚¬â€Local Innovation — In this phase, the first half of the reverse innovation process, multinationals are focusing on developing products â€Å"in-country, for country. † They are taking a â€Å"market-back† perspective.That is, they are starting with a zero-based assessment of customer’s needs, rather than assuming that they will only make alterations to the products they already have. As teams develop products for the local market, the company enables them to remain connected to, and to benefit from, global resource base. Phase 4 — Reverse Innovation — If Phase 3 is â€Å"in country, for country,† Phase 4 is â€Å"in country, for the world. † Multinationals complete the reverse innovation process by taking the innovations originally chartered for poor countries, adapting them, and scaling them up for worldwide use.Of course this is a simplified view of the world, but in essence it holds true. Now, more than ever, success in developing countries is a prerequisite for continued vitality in developed ones. Why Reverse Innovation is so important Developing countries like India, today, with their increasing disposable incomes, and the largest and ever surging middle class with higher than before spending capacitates, is now a very lucrative and potent target market for many global companies to venture into and capitalise on or to establish a stronger hold.Though the middle class in India today can afford to spend an extra buck for their added necessities and interests, they still find the products developed in the western economies out of reach, highly priced or unaffordable. Clearly, the products developed in the western or developed economies for their average income families would find very less consumers in countries like India despite having the world’s largest middle class population, simply because Indian Consumers’ price to features requirements of products do not match with that of the products developed in western markets for their average income families.Simply de-featuring the product and introducing the less featuristically loaded product model in the emerging markets would not attract them any more either. FIVE SUBSTANTIAL NEEDS GAPS In fact, the needs and opportunities in the developing world are so different from those in the rich world that the very first requirements for reverse innovation success are humility and curiosity. You must let go of what you’ve learned, what you’ve seen, and what has brought you the greatest successes. In fact, it is best to assume that you have just landed on Mars.Yes, buyers in the developing world have less money — but that is only the obvious beginning. The differences run much deeper. In fact, there are at least five enormous gaps that separate needs in the rich world from those in the developing world: the performance gap, the infrastructure gap, the sustainability gap, the regulatory gap, and th e preferences gap. Performance Gap Simply put, with fewer dollars in hand, buyers in the developing world are willing to accept lower performance. This sounds simple enough, but it is not as straightforward as it at first appears.Consider a typical â€Å"good-better-best† rich-world product line. When global corporations headquartered in the rich world export to the developing world, the tendency is to focus just on the â€Å"good† offering, or perhaps even to water down the â€Å"good† offering a little bit further, from â€Å"good† to â€Å"fair,† to achieve the lowest possible price point. This seems sensible enough on the surface. The problem is that a modest price cut — say, 10 percent — is not nearly enough to make a difference to mainstream customers in the developing world, who may have only one-tenth the income of buyers in the rich world.Such low incomes, however, do not mean that developing world customers do not need innov ative products. Indeed, what they need is radically reinvented designs that deliver at least decent performance at an ultra-low price. But there is no way to deliver 50 percent performance at a 15 percent price by diluting existing offerings. The only way to get there is to start from scratch, considering entirely new technologies. Infrastructure Gap In the rich world, most every citizen has access to modern transportation, communication, and energy systems, plus schools, hospitals, banks, courts, and more.In the developing world, most infrastructure is mostly still under construction. This does not mean, however, that developing nations can only gradually catch up. Precisely because they are building from scratch, they can invest in the most modern technologies. Meanwhile, the rich world will only invest as existing infrastructure reaches replacement age, and, even then, will be constrained by the necessity to make any new systems compatible with what already exists. As a result, d eveloping nations are hot, new construction markets, while rich nations are tepid maintain, repair, and replace markets.The infrastructure gap, however, affects much more than infrastructure products and services. It affects any offering that relies on infrastructure — anything that plugs in, connects to a network, or moves from place to place, and more. Rich world offerings are designed with the implicit assumption that they will be consumed by those with access to rich-world infrastructure. Logitech’s mouse was designed for use in the office, not in the living room, because people in the rich world still largely â€Å"consume† video entertainment via cable or satellite, with no mouse in sight.Such offerings do not export well, so an innovation strategy is a must. New offerings must be designed with the developing world infrastructure in mind. In major cities, this may mean an enviable, next-generation infrastructure. In rural areas, it may mean no infrastructu re at all. When GE designed an ultra-low-cost portable EKG machine for rural India, for example, one of the top considerations was long battery life. Sustainability Gap Worldwide, as the economy grows, the conflicts between economic vitality and environmental sustainability are likely to become more severe.That said, the pressures will not rise uniformly. In many cases, the intensity of sustainability issues are highest in the developing world. Winning in emerging markets requires recognition of these differences. In certain cities in China, for example, air pollution problems are extreme. As such, it is hardly a surprise that China is poised to take the lead in electric cars. Regulatory Gap When regulations function appropriately, they eliminate business behavior that is at odds with societal good.They keep consumers safe and markets fair. That said, when regulations become too complex, captured by vested interests, or technologically out-of-date, they can become needless barriers to innovation. Regulatory systems in the rich world are the result of decades of development while those in the developing world may be incomplete. Whether this is good or bad from a societal perspective is well beyond the scope of this paper, but the difference can make the developing world a more favourable environment for innovation in certain cases.Products and services designed around rich world regulations may become needlessly complex or expensive for developing world markets. Preferences Gap The world’s great diversity of tastes, preferences, rituals, and habits adds spice to international travel. It also sometimes makes it nearly impossible to achieve full potential in the emerging economies through a simple strategy of exporting existing offerings. PepsiCo, for example, is developing new snack foods, starting with a new base ingredient. Corn is not nearly so ubiquitous in India as lentils, so Pepsi is commercializing lentil-based chips.Because of these five of enorm ous needs gaps, the commonplace strategy of trying to win in the emerging economies by making light adaptations of successful rich world offerings is inadequate. Reverse innovation is the antidote, and reverse innovation is clean-slate innovation. It starts with reassessing customer needs from scratch. Dimensions| Summary| Definitinon| Any innovation that is first introduced in the Developing countries with an intention to later launch it in the western or developed markets. Reverse Innovation is also popularly known as Trickle-up Innovation. Origin| Globalization – Glocalization- Local Innovation- Reverse Innovation| Need| Glocalization has proved effective in reaching the top segments of the market in developing nations—buyers with needs and resources similar to those in the developed world. However, most growth opportunities in emerging markets are not at the top but in the middle market and below, where the gaps between customers’ needs and those of their de veloped world counterparts are enormous. Gradually a new approach is emerging, one that starts with the recognition that if you want to succeed in emerging markets, you must innovate for them.But that isn’t the end of the story. Because the global economy is richly interconnected, innovations developed for emerging economies can be extended to other markets, including those in the developed world. To do this a company must adopt a reverse-innovation mind-set, which means valuing the products that come out of emerging markets and being willing to rethink the underlying assumptions in its developed-world businesses. | Gaps that lead to reverse innovation| There are five phases or ‘gaps’ that need to be identified and evaluated: performance, infrastructure, sustainability, regulatory and preferences. Examples| Tata Motors – Tata NanoWhile companies like Ford set up its global automobile platform in India and catered to the niche premium segments in India, Tat a introduced the Tata Nano for the price conscious consumer in India in 2009. Tata plans to launch Tata Nano in Europe and U. S. subsequently. GE – GE MAC 800GE’s innovation on the GE MAC 400 to build a portable low-cost ECG machine to cater to the rural population who cannot afford expensive health care was launched as an improved version a year later in 2009, in U. S. as MAC 800.Procter and Gamble (P&G) – Vicks Honey Cough – Honey-based cold remedyP&G’s (Vicks Honey Cough) honey-based cold remedy developed in Mexico found success in European and the United States market. Nestle – Low-cost, low-fat dried noodlesNestle’s Maggi brand – Low-cost, low-fat dried noodles developed for rural India and Pakistan found a market in Australia and New Zealand as a healthy and budget-friendly alternative. Xerox – Innovation ManagersXerox has employed two researchers who will look for inventions and products from Indian start-ups that Xerox can use for North America.The company calls them as‘innovation managers’Microsoft – Starter EditionMicrosoft is using its Starter edition’s (targeted at not so technically savvy customers in poor countries and with low-end personal computers) simplified help menu and videos into future U. S. editions of its Windows operating system. Nokia – New business modelsNokia’s classified ads in Kenya are being tested as new business models. Nokia also incorporated new features in its devices meant for U. S. ustomers after observing phone sharing in GhanaHewlett-Packard (HP) – Research Labs in IndiaHP intends to use its research lab to adapt Web-interface applications for mobile phones in Asia and Africa to other developed markets. Godrej – Chotukool RefrigeratorIn February 2010, Godrej Group’s appliances division, Godrej & Boyce Manufacturing Co Ltd test-marketed a low-cost (dubbed the world’s lowest-priced model at R s 3,250) refrigerator targeted mainly at rural areas and poor customers in India. The product runs without a compressor on a battery and cooling chips.The company wants to use a community-led distribution model (as an alternative channel of distribution) to push for product growth. Tata – Swacch – World’s cheapest water purifierSwacch means clean in Hindi. Tata launched the water purifier – Tata Swacch targeting the rural market in India with the cheapest water purifier in the market. The product does not require running water, power or boiling and uses paddy husk ash as a filter. It also uses silver nanotechnology. It can give purified water enough to provide a family of five drinking water for a year.The company feels it will open a whole new market. Pepsico – Kurkure and AlivaPepsi is planning to give developed markets (particularly West Asia) a taste of its salted snack Kurkure (and also another snack Aliva). The product enjoys huge success in India and has become a Rs 700 crore brand within a decade of its launch. The success is attributed to product innovation and a good marketing strategy. E. g. Made from corn, rice and gram flour, zero per cent trans fats and no cholesterol, Rs-3 small packs for pushing sales in the lower-tier towns.Bharat Forge – Maintenance Management PracticeThe best practices group at Bharat Forge, a large Indian manufacturer and exporter of automobile components implemented a maintenance management practice it developed in India (developed over 15 to 18 years) in its units it acquired in countries (known for sophisticated engineering) in Germany, Sweden and U. S. The maintenance management process focused on minimizing downtime during machine maintenance and has an advanced information system that predicts problems before they happen.Consequently, Bharat Forge plants globally are very efficient and have an average down time of less than 10 per cent. KFC – Taco Bell – Yum! Res taurantsKFC test-marketed Krushers, a range of chilled drinks in the cold beverages segment in India and Australia and plans to introduce it to other markets. The launch in India was very successful as ‘Krushers’ accounts for 8 per cent of KFC’s beverage sales in India. Yum! Restaurant’s Tex-Mex chain Taco Bell has one Indian-designed dessert (tortilla filled with melted dark chocolate) on Taco Bell’s US menus.Husk Power SystemsIn India, Husk Power Systems brings light to rural population (over 50,000) by using locally grown rice husks to produce electricity (a unique and cost-effective biomass gasification technology). The company has also received seed capital from Shell foundation in 2009 to scale up operations. LG – Low-cost Air Conditioners (AC)South Korea based LG Electronics (LG) planned to develop low-cost air conditioners targeting the middle and lower-middle classes in India. Their goal was to manufacture air conditioners at the cos t of air coolers which were very common.Renault – LoganRenault designed a low-cost model of its brand Logan for Eastern European markets. It also sold in the Western European markets later on. Better Place – Smart Grid of Battery charging/Swap terminalsIn Israel, Better Place, a electric vehicle (EV) services provider (creates systems and infrastructure that support the use of electric cars), created an intelligent grid of battery-charging terminals and battery-swap stations. The company is now present in many countries like China, Japan, Australia, the U. S. , Canada, France and Denmark.GE India – Steam TurbinesIn 2010, GE’s Indian arm tied up with Triveni Engineering and Industries Ltd to manufacture steam turbines in the 30-100MW range. The company plans to then take advantage of lower input costs incurred in manufacturing and export these products to markets in West Asia, Indonesia, Europe and Latin America. Coca-Cola – eKOCoolCoca-Cola’ s Indian arm Hindustan Coca-Cola Beverages introduced eKOCool, a chest cooler operating on solar energy with a capacity to store about 4 dozen 300 ml glass bottles. The innovation also charges a mobile and solar lanterns.Coca-Cola has plans to pilot the innovation in different cities in India and may be it will introduce it in other developed countries as well. Vodafone – ZoozoosVodafone, which operates in more than 30 countries has plans to make its lovable characters – Zoozoos go international. Zoozoos the black-and-white animated creatures, in fact are actual human beings and are quite a rage in India where they were launched in marketing ads and look like aliens and speak an alien language. But the brand message is very clear to people across all age groups.Vodafone has also licensed the characters (and accessories) for retail merchandise across India. Coca-Cola – Minute Maid’s PulpyMinute Maid’s Pulpy was extremely popular in China. It was bas ically an orange juice with pulp. Coca-Cola introduced it in other countries as well. Wal-Mart – Small format stores in MexicoWal-Mart learnt a lesson in Mexico. Mexican shoppers preferred smaller stores compared to the large format stores Wal-Mart had in the U. S. By 2012, Wal-Mart had 1,250 small stores (Bodegas Aurrera stores) out of 2,138 stores in Mexico.Wal-Mart then opened similar small-format stores in the U. S. and Latin America. Levi’s – dENiZEN brand imported to the U. S. In 2010, Levi Strauss & Co. launched its dENiZEN brand jeans in China. This was the company’s first brand launched outside of the United States. With success, the brand quickly spread to India, South Korea, Singapore and Pakistan markets. In July 2011, the brand began selling in the U. S. in Target stores. | Variables which Promote Reverse Innovation 1. Income gap- between the consumers of developing and developed countries . Preference Gap- Differing tastes and preferences of consumers of emerging markets 3. Infrastructure Gap- Need of development in the field of Communication Energy transportation. India doesn't have an established telecom infrastructure, for example, so they have gone straight to cellular telephones and skipped the landline. That's resulted in innovation driven by infrastructure gaps. 4. Sustainability Gap- Sustainability issues that are more pressing in poor countries than in rich countries. For instance, air pollution is a big problem in China.Air pollution is also an issue in the West, but it is a very big problem in China. If China wants to grow, it has to control air pollution. Electric cars, as a result, would be expected to be more attractive to the Chinese. 5. Performance Gap- What consumers in emerging markets need is radically reinvented designs that deliver at least decent performance at an ultra-low price. But there is no way to deliver 50 percent performance at a 15 percent price by diluting existing offerings. The only w ay to get there is to start from scratch, considering entirely new technologies. . Regulatory Gap- Regulatory systems in the rich world are the result of decades of development while those in the developing world may be incomplete. The difference can make the developing world a more favourable environment for innovation in certain cases. 7. Growth opportunities in Emerging Markets like India, China 8. Limitations of Glocalization- The top 10 percent of the people in a poor country like India are similar to those in the United States, so you don't need new innovation for them. You can send them products that Americans consume.But the top 10 percent is a very slim number. The rest of the population requires innovation. How would Reverse Innovation benefit India: Primarily Reverse Innovation would lead to further boom in industrialisation. As more and more Multinationals adopt and opt to produce and/or invent new products in India for local as well as western markets, the Indian econom y would witness an increase in FDIs and also the Indigenous Multinationals would instinctively raise their investments to build advanced R;D facilities that would inspire cutting edge innovation and engineering.It also means the engineers would experience higher employment opportunities, and the consumer market would profit from better products developed to cater to their needs at reasonable prices. Besides OEMs, Reverse Innovation would also lead to the overall development of the entire eco-system comprising of Tier I and II suppliers, technology vendors, educational institutions which support, fortify and facilitate this unprecedented growth through concurrent engineering, providing smart and agile engineering and production solutions to complex challenges, and development of resources.Reverse innovation is bringing the countries and global markets further closer by fading the global borders to make â€Å"one world, one market† phenomenon a more reality. Reverse innovation would provide further impetus to the globalization while increasing the influence of cross economic dependency and making cross border production and marketing viability plausible and effective.

Lopez Surname Meaning and Origin

Lopez is a  patronymical surname meaning son of Lope. Lope comes from the Spanish form of Lupus, a Latin personal name meaning wolf. The Lopes variation of this surname often originates from Portugal. Lopez is the  21st most popular surname in the United States and the 4th most common Hispanic surname. It is also among the top five most common last names in Argentina. Surname Origin:  Spanish Alternate Surname Spellings:  Lopes, Lopaz, Lopas Famous People with the Surname Lopez Jennifer Lopez - American actress and pop singerGeorge Lopez - comedianMario Lopez - American actorJosà © Là ³pez Portillo y Pacheco - former President of MexicoFrancisco Solano Là ³pez - former President of ParaguayNancy Lopez - popular LPGA American golfer Genealogy Resources for the Surname Lopez 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? Common Hispanic Surnames Their MeaningsLearn about the origins of Hispanic last names, and the meanings of many of the most common Spanish surnames. Lopez Family Tree WebsiteA Web site for all descendants of Basilio Là ³pez and Sabina Jalandoni from the Basilio Lopez Family Association. Lopez Group DNA ProjectThe Lopez Family Project at FamilyTreeDNA seeks to find common heritage through sharing of information and DNA testing. Any variant spellings of the Lopez surname, including Lopes, are welcome. Lopez Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Lopez surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Lopez query. FamilySearch - LOPEZ GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Lopez surname and its variations. LOPEZ Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Lopez surname. DistantCousin.com - LOPEZ Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Lopez. References: Surname Meanings Origins Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005.Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.